Chiththirameazhi

Know the Etymology: 136
Place Name of the Day: Wednesday, 09 September 2009


Chiththirameazhi

சித்திரமேழி
Cittiramēḻi

Chiththira+meazhi

(The village of) the guild of agriculturists whose totem symbol was the 'magnificent plough'

Chiththira-meazhi The magnificent plough, the symbol of agriculturists, the totem deity of agriculturists (Tamil inscription, 1300 CE, Glossary of Tamil Inscriptions, Santi Sadhana); Chiththira-meazhip-periya-naadu, Chiththara-meazhip-periya-naadu, Chithra-mea'lip-perukkaa'lar: Chiththira-mezhi-thammam: The code of conduct of the guild of agriculturists whose totem symbol was the magnificent plough (Tamil inscription 1057 CE, GTI); Chiththira-meazhi-vi'n'nakar: The Vishnu temple of the guild of agriculturists whose totem symbol was the magnificent plough (Tamil inscription, 1421 CE, GTI); Meazhi: Changkam and literary Tamil); Meazhiyar: Cultivators, traders of agricultural produce (Old Tamil Lexicons); Chiththira: Chitra) Beautiful, elegant, magnificent, exquisite, ornamental etc. The grand guild of agriculturists whose totem symbol was the magnificent plough (Tamil inscriptions, 1057 CE, 1300 CE, GTI); Plough ( (adjective, cognate of Sanskrit


Chiththira-meazhi is the name of a village in I'lavaalai, Jaffna peninsula, inhabited by a unique clan of people.

Meazhi means a plough in Changkam Tamil diction as well as in subsequent Tamil literature:

”வினைப்பகடு ஏற்ற மேழி” “Vinaip-pakadu eatta meazhi” (the plough fixed with labouring oxen, Pu'ranaanoo'ru“Kodu-meazhi nasai uzhavar” (The tipped plough loved by cultivators, Paddinappaalai

"மேழி பிடிக்கும் கை, வேல் வேந்தர் வணங்கும் கை" “Meazhi pidikkum kai, veal veanthar va'nangkum kai” (the hand that holds the plough is the hand that is worshipped by spear-holding kings, Thirukkaivazhakkam)

The phrase Chiththira-meazhi literally means 'the magnificent plough.'

But from Tamil inscriptions we come to know that it was the name of a guild of agriculturists that had taken the plough as its symbol as well as its totem deity. “செங்கோலே முன்னாகவும், சித்திரமேழியே தெய்வமாகவும்” “Chengkoalea munnaakavum, Chiththira-meazhiyea theyvamaakavum” (sceptre / unbiased rule as priority and the magnificent plough as deity, 1300 CE, South Indian Inscriptions VII, 129)

Such guilds issued edicts of their own and the earliest reference to the Chiththira-meazhi guild comes from one of its own inscriptions dated to 1057 CE, of the times of the imperial Cholas (Glossary of Tamil Inscriptions, p 243)

As the Pingkalam Lexicon of the times of the Cholas note Meazhiyar as people of cultivation lands as well as traders of earth-produce (Poo-vaisiyar), the guild was either engaged in cultivation or in the trade of agricultural produce or both.

In later inscriptions the guild titled itself as Chiththira-meazhip-periya-naadu, meaning that it was a grand guild or arch body of several guilds or clans (Periya-naadu). Many inscriptions of the guild record its charities.

The Tamil origins of this guild and its affiliation to the Chola Empire are also evident in the inscriptions:

“Uththama nithi, uyar perung keerththi, muththamizh maalai muzhuvathum u'narntha Chiththira meazhip periya naaddoam”

”உத்தம நிதி, உயர் பெருங் கீர்த்தி, முத்தமிழ் மாலை முழுவதும் உணர்ந்த சித்திரமேழிப் பெரிய நாட்டோம்”

(“We, the grand guild of Chiththira-meazhi, well versed in the three components of Tamil, i.e., literature, music and theatre, and who posses honest wealth and high prestige,” 1300 CE, South Indian Inscriptions VII 129)

“Chiththira meazhi thammam inithu nadaaththukin'ra S'ree Raajeanthra Chiththira-mea'lip perukkaa'laroam,”

“சித்திரமேழி தம்மம் இனிது நடாத்துகின்ற ஸ்ரீ ராஜேந்த்ர சித்திரமேளிப் பெருக்காளரோம்,”

(“We, the prosperous producers of 'Sri Rajendra Chiththira-mezhi,' who smoothly conduct the righteous affairs of the guild,” 1057 CE, GTI p 243.)

The guild at this time adopted the name of the Chola emperor Rajendra (1014-1044), to mean that it was a chartered guild.

Groups of members of such guilds were known for migrations far and wide in historical times, but wherever settled they were bound by a common code of conduct. Their identity with the guild was stronger than the identity with the land. (See column on
388:11); "கொடுமேழி நசை உழவர்" 205) Chea'niya-theru)

It is not known when and why members of this guild settled in the said locality Chiththira-meazhi in Jaffna peninsula or whether it was a parallel formation of the guild in the island. There were parallel guilds in South India and in the island of Sri Lanka such as Then-ilangkai-valagnchiyar.

The location of Chiththira-meazhi is not a potential agricultural tract. Perhaps the guild settled here was engaged in the trade of agricultural produce. The other probabilities are that their cultivation lands were lying elsewhere or the settlement was a result of secondary migration.

What so ever, quite typical of the attributes of such ancient and medieval guilds, the clan of the place Chiththira-meazhi in Jaffna maintained its identity, even though the original economic activity and pre-eminence were lost. Known as Chiththira-meazhiyaar

Chiththira-meazhi is a small village or locality that now comes under the larger village I'lavaalai of Valikaamam Southwest Division of Jaffna district.

First published: Wednesday, 09 September 2009, 23:01

(people of Chiththira-meazhi), the people of the locality are vegetarians and do not partake of food or water even from other agricultural communities.
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